How Did the 1889 1890 Flu Pandemic Affect History

The 1889-1890 influenza pandemic is relatively forgotten but it was a major pandemic and the last significant one in the 19th century. It killed over a million people, although the exact number is hard to determine. It was one of the first pandemics to also spread rapidly due to modern transport, mainly using rail, foretelling the effect of modern transport on how pandemics spread in the 21st-20th century.

The Beginning of the Pandemic

Researchers still debate the exact origin of the pandemic but it was first reported in May 1889 in Bukhara, Russia, which led to the pandemic eventually being called the 'Russian' Flu or 'Asiatic Flu'. It had spread to Saint Petersburg by November 1889. By December 1st, the flu had probably developed into a pandemic. By then, deaths were spiking in Saint Peterrsburg. During the winter of 1889-1890 it spread throughout the northern hemisphere through modern rail and sea transport. By December 1889 and into January 1890, most of Europe and North America had begun to show cases of the flu. By the time it reached the levels of a major flu outbreak, it only took a few weeks to spread in most developed countries. In total, it took about five weeks for the first cases in major cities to be reported and peak mortality. Recent research has suggested the strain that caused this flu pandemic is H3N8, which is mostly an equine influenza, suggesting that it could have originated from horses, mules, or related animals that created this flu. What stood out to doctors and researchers at the time is how the flu spread quickly and it often followed the main rail lines across Europe and North America. While the virus spread to most places on the planet by the spring of 1890, its spread inland was mainly facilitated by the rail. Many have now called this the first modern pandemic given the nature of how the flu spread, following major transport arteries, similar to modern pandemics.

The Spread of the Pandemic in North America

In the United States, in December 1889 the developing pandemic had become apparent as it spread across Europe. Newspapers at the time reported it. The United States was relatively relaxed when the pandemic struck, with major port cities including New York first hit. The flu quickly spread in port cities and spread to other cities via rail lines. The flu was notable in affecting different ages young and old. Symptoms included headaches sore throat, laryngitis and bronchitis, although some reported symptoms more comparable to a common cold. Initially, political leaders and public health officials played down the spreading infections in the United States, but soon the increasing number of cases made officials acknowledge there was a problem. Newspaper were particularly calm and the local media did not think much of the pandemic, with one newspaper stating: "It is not deadly, not even necessarily dangerous.” However, by January 1890, it was clear far more people were dying than normal. The flu particularly struck those with underlying health conditions, with people with heart disease or kidney troubles most seriously affected. Soon, many people throughout the United States began to wear scarves or handkerchiefs to cover the noses and mouths. The peak of the outbreak in the United States seems to have occurred in February 1890. By the time the pandemic began to diminish, over 13,000 in the United States died, with New York having 2,503 deaths. This was considered a low number considering the total deaths worldwide were about a 1 million or more. There were second and more waves in the winter of 1890 and later in the 1890s. However, these were relatively mild, as many people had developed natural immunity by then.