Victorian Britain and the Empire: Top Ten Books to Read
When we say “Victorian Britain”, we’re referring, loosely, to the period that fell between Queen Victoria’s reign from 1837-1901. This was an era of massive societal development -- the effects of the Industrial Revolution, the rise of scientific theories, and the advent of secularism are just a few topics that comprise Victoria's reign. It was also during this time that the British Empire expanded exponentially. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Britain would come to rule over almost 25% of the world’s population.[1] As the saying went: “The sun never sets on the British Empire.”[2]
This was an era rich in social history -- from the Industrial Revolution, to the rise of scientific theories, to the advent of secularism and the separation of Church and State -- understanding the Victorian period is no easy task.
1. Jan Morris: The Pax Britannica Trilogy. This series is regarded as one of the most comprehensive and readable histories of the progress and fall of the British Empire. The series is divided into three books, in the following order:
- Heaven’s Command: An Imperial Progress
- Pax Britannica: Climax of an Empire
- Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat
2. Henry Mayhew: London Labour and the London Poor – This four volume work by social theorist Henry Mayhew is full of rich and accurate accounts of what life was like for the "down and out" (the poor and working classes) in Victorian London. Mayhew interviewed everyone from small shop owners to prostitutes to pure-finders (those who collected dog poop for money). Mayhew's work has also been annotated by Penguin Classics into a 512-page book as well.
3. Bernard Lightman: Victorian Science in Context – Science was an extremely important part of life in Victorian England. New scientific discoveries were being made almost daily, and due to fewer taxes on publishing, newspapers were affordable to almost everyone. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was published right in the middle of the Victorian era, in 1859.
4. Steven Johnson: The Ghost Map: The Story of London’s Most Terrifying Epidemic – This book is a super fun, quick read on nineteenth-century medical history that examines a particular outbreak of cholera in London in 1854. Johnson's work explains how theories of contagion evolved from blaming sickness on "bad air" (miasma), to blaming sickness on bacteria due that arose from unsanitary conditions.
5. Sally Mitchell: Daily Life in Victorian England – This book is a quick primer on social history in Victorian England. It deals mostly with the rise of the middle class, which is a very important part of nineteenth-century history. Great for a quick overview of Victorian social history.
6. Alex Owen: The Darkened Room: Women, Power and Spiritualism in Late Victorian England – While this book deals with a specific subject matter, it is a wonderful introduction to the little-explored life of women during the Victorian period. In zeroing in on spiritualism as a mechanism by which women subverted traditional gender relations, Owen also examines the role of gender during this era in a more general sense.
7. Lytton Strachey: Eminent Victorians'' – This work, first published in 1918, was one of the first biographies to not examine great men who did great things. Strachey's style helped replace a certain reverence that Victorians usually held for famous figures with a healthy skepticism of these figures' actions. Strachey examines his subjects' notable deeds alongside their faults, all the while displaying great wit and undeniable readability.
8. Richard Ellmann: Oscar Wilde – With a subject like Oscar Wilde, a biographer would be hard-pressed to create a work that didn't bring the reader directly into the world of its subject. Ellmann's is the definitive biography of Wilde; it brilliantly juxtaposes Wilde’s eccentricities against straight-laced Victorian society.
9. Judith Flanders: Inside the Victorian Home: A Portrait of Domestic Life in Victorian England – This is a fun, quick read on the daily lives of Victorian upper and middle class people. Flanders largely ignores the working classes, which made up the majority of Victorian society, but this work is interesting nonetheless.
10. Edward Royle: Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movement – A little mentioned book among modern British historians, but an important work nonetheless. Royle’s work examines the beginning of secularism outside the context of class and political boundaries – a method which was long overdue when this book was published.
