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By late 1917 many German Generals had open contempt for the tank. They believed that it was virtually useless on the battlefield. Despite this, the German began to build their own tanks. The British, especially the officers of the Tank Corps continued to promote the use of the tank. One of these officers was Lieutenant-Colonel John Fuller and he argued that they should be used in large formations and on dry and open ground. General Haig, initially rejected the suggestions but when it became apparent that the Third Battle of Ypres was a failure, the British High Command became desperate for some success.
Haig hoped that tanks would provide him with the decisive breakthrough demanded by the Allied governments worried by the crumbling Russian resistance. Cambrai was chosen as the scene of the offensive. The town and area were vital for the German Army’s transportation and supply system and more importantly , it was set on a plain that was considered ideal for tank warfare. According to the despatches of General Haig , ‘’the Cambrai front had been selected as the most suitable for the surprise operation in contemplation. The ground there was, on the whole, favourable favorable for the employment of tanks which were to play an important part in the enterprise.’’<ref>Haig, Sir Douglas, ''Fifth Despatch (Battle of Cambrai, 1917) The Long, Long Trail''. Available at http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/battles/british-field-commanders-despatches/sir-douglas-haigs-fifth-despatch-battle-cambrai-1917/</ref>
Furthermore, the German units in the area had suffered heavy casualties during the recent fighting at Ypres. The British attack on the Cambrai sector was extremely sophisticated. The tanks would breach the Hindenburg Line and through this gap in the line, three Cavalry Divisions would be deployed and these would encircle the Germans in the area. There would be no artillery barrage before the attack and the British would rely on surprise. According to Haig ‘’it was calculated that, provided secrecy could be maintained to the last moment, no large hostile reinforcements were likely to reach the scene of action for forty-eight hours after the commencement of the attack’’ <ref> Haig, 1917</ref>. The British employed 500 hundred of the new Mark IV during the battle and also used a new delivery system to shower poison gas on German positions.<ref> Sheldon, J. ''The German Army at Cambrai'' (Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 2009), p. 65</ref>
==The Battle==
The Battle of Cambrai began on the 20th of November 1917. The British sent some 480 tanks into no man's land and they were closely followed by six divisions of infantry. The tanks ' advance was preceded by a poison gas attack, which was followed by a short but intense bombardment. The Germans were taken completely by surprise and the tanks made rapid progress and reached the German lines with little difficulty and the Mark IV tanks easily crossed the network of trenches. As they did they caused many trenches to collapse on the defenders, killing very many soldiers. The Germans were soon in disarray and many fled and several thousand surrendered to the British.<ref>Keegan, p. 267</ref> The British tanks and the soldiers advanced almost nine kilometres kilometers and they soon were in the range of the town of Cambrai. At this stage , the British Cavalry divisions were expected to pour through the breach in the Hindenburg Line.<ref> Sheldon, p. 77</ref> The tanks unnerved the horses and this greatly slowed the advance of the Cavalry Divisions. Then there was the sheer number of vehicles and men in the area, the roads become congested and there was a huge traffic jam. It was estimated that it took some troops an entire day to cover four miles. This greatly slowed down the British advance.
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It was to prove fateful to the ambitions of the British. However, this was not apparent in the days after the beginning of the battle and many in London believed that they were on the verge of a great victory. In many British towns and cities, the Church Bells rang out in celebration of their victory at Cambrai. The British continued to advance and , several tanks and a Welsh infantry brigade succeeded in establishing themselves in the vicinity of Cambrai.<ref>Hammond, p. 144</ref> The German High Command initially wanted to order a general retreat but Ludendorff decided to launch a counter-attack. He gathered several German divisions in the area of Cambrai. They attacked the British at several points and they are immediately successfullysuccessful. The German artillery had begun to inflict heavy losses on the British Tank CorpCorps. The enemy had identified the facilities of the British Mark IV tank and they no longer were able to make a significant difference in the battle.<ref> Hammond, p. 134</ref>
The Germans also employed Stormtroopers during the counterattack and they succeeded in infiltrating the lines of the British and disrupting their rear areas and supply lines. After a few hours, some British Divisions had been cut off and had to make a hasty retreat. As these divisions retreated they came under attack from German Stormtroopers. The British retreated from all their early gains and at one stage it seemed that the German 2nd army would break through the allied lines, until a counterattack, led by some tanks pushed them back. This successful, British counterattack is seen as the end of the battle.<ref> Sheldon, p. 119</ref>
== Results of the Battle==
The British had gained a significant amount of territory at first but the German counter-attack meant that this was almost all lost, while the Germans are able to actually capture new territory south of Cambrai. The British suffered rather fewer casualties than the Germans. The British lost some 44,000 killed, wounded , and missing in action, the Germans suffered in the region of 45,000 casualties. The battle came to be seen as a British defeat and when news arrived that the battle was not the great victory that it seemed it would be in the early stages of the battle. British morale was badly affected by the defeat.<ref> Sheldon, p. 234</ref> The British High Command was still committed to the use of the tank and in many ways, the Tank Corps had performed very well.
The Germans regarded Cambrai as a great victory and they were emboldened to plan for a great offensive in the Spring of 1918, the Kaiser’s Kaiser or Ludendorff Offensive.<ref>Gray, Randal, ''Kaiserschlacht, 1918: The Final German Offensive, Osprey Campaign Series 11'' (London: Osprey, 1991), p. 176</ref> The British learned a lot from the failure at Cambrai. They realised realized that they needed to reinforce any gains quickly. They also learned that the Cavalry could not really work with tanks. The British learned much from the defeat, especially about the coordination of artillery, tanks , and infantry for a successful attack. They developed new tactics that were to be successfully used in the great allied offensive of the Fall, 1918, which resulted in the collapse of the Imperial German Army.<ref> Pitt, Barrie, ''1918 The Last Act.Pen & Sword Military Classics''. (Barnsley: Pen and Sword) 1962, p. 45</ref>
==Reasons for the British failure at Cambrai==
[[File: The Battle of Cambrai, November-december 1917 Q6291.jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|British troops from the 36th Ulster Division at Cambrai in 1917]]
The are many reasons for the British failure at Cambrai. The attack was well planned but the planners failed to anticipate several key things. First, the they failed to appreciate that once the tanks had been able to punch through the German Hindenburg Lines that there needed to be promptly reinforced. Any territory that was captured had to be quickly reinforced. The British were simply too slow to take advantage of the opportunity provided by the tanks. Then the planner failed to anticipate that the area would become very congested with tanks, horses, and men. This caused a massive tailback and this impeded the British as they advance towards Cambrai. The British General Staff also failed to appreciate the difficulty of coordinating a cavalry charge with tanks. The British also did not use their tanks effectively after they had broken through the Hindenburg Lines, despite the terrain being very suitable for tank warfare.<ref> Keegan, p. 378</ref>
If Haig and the other generals had ordered the tanks to advance rapidly when the Germans were retreating and their morale had all but collapsed, then the outcome of the battle could have been very different. Then there was the German reaction to the initial onslaught of the British, initially, they had fled and were in a headlong retreat. However, the German High Command react positively and their prompt response saved the situation.<ref> Sheldon, p. 146</ref> Ludendorff in particular, was very positive and he ordered an immediate counterattack. This took the British off guard and as a result, they are thrown into disarray. More importantly, after the initial shock the Germans adapted their tactics, they used trench mortars and light artillery to knock out the British Mark IV advance. The Battle of Cambrai was also the first time on the western front that the German’s used Stormtrooper tactics. They had been developed on the Eastern Front and they proved to be very effective at Cambrai.<ref> Hammond, p. 178</ref>
==Conclusion==
The battle of Cambrai is often erroneously referred to as the first battle where tanks are employed. However, the battle was the scene of the first coordinated assault by tanks and infantry. The battle was an initial success for the British and it seemed that they have breached the Hindenburg Line and were about to inflict a decisive defeat on the Germans. However, unforeseen events slowed the British advance , and a failure to anticipate what would happen after the tanks had achieved their goals, meant that they were slow to take advantage of their early gains. The German counterattack was very impressive, the use of Stormtroopers turned the tide and meant that they could drive the British back. The battle was technically a defeat for the British but the lessons they learned was were very important in the development of new tactics that helped them to win the war in 1918.
==References==
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