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The United States has been conducting surveillance of its citizens since it was created, but the ability of any government to spy on its citizens has dramatically improved in the digital age. How should United States balance national security and personal privacy? Does the Constitution provide adequate protection against unrestricted government surveillance? What can advocates do to strengthen personal privacy rights? These concerns will only intensify in the years to come.

Surveillance and privacy became some of the biggest civil liberties issues after 9/11, and my boss David Theroux at the [http://www.independent.org/ Independent Institute] urged me to write something in light of the NSA revelations. I had mostly focused on civil liberties in my work there. After my first book, which explored the historical and legal problems posed by detention policy and habeas corpus, surveillance made a lot of sense.

<b>When did the American government start spying on both foreign nationals and its own citizens? What did they hope to achieve?</b>