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==Genetic Diversity==

For perhaps the first 100,000 years or more, genetic variation was developing as human populations largely migrated within Africa between 300,000-200,000 years ago. Anatomically modern humans derived from these <i>Homo sapiens</i> species, although by then other similar sub-species, such as Neanderthals, had existed. Genetically, Y-chromosomal Adam, or the genetic ancestor for all living men today (i.e., although this does not mean he was genetic Adam was the only man around), seems to derive between 300,000-200,000 years ago, suggesting that the ancestor to all males derived during the very early evolution of modern humans rather than within a much later sub-population. Central to Western Africa seem to be the regions where this early human ancestor influenced subsequent populations. For genetic Eve, or the most recent common matrilineal ancestor Mitochondrial DNA for all humans, is harder to specify, where the dates can range between more than 120,000 years ago or perhaps more similar in time to genetic Adam. There were likely many female genetic lines but Mitochondrial Eve likely became the only female line that survived. All of these early dates suggest greater human diversity and variation were originating and developing in Africa for the first 100,000 years or more of modern humans, long before migrations began to significantly shape subsequent human populations in other parts of the Earth. <ref>For more on genetic Adam and Eve, see: Callaway, E. (2013) Genetic Adam and Eve did not live too far apart in time. <i>Nature.</i> [Online] Available from: doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13478 [Accessed: 12 June 2017].</ref>