How did the Phoenicians contribute to western civilization

Statue of Baal

The Phoenicians are among the most influential people in the Ancient world. These people decisively shaped the culture and the economy of the Levant and greatly influenced the Ancient Greeks, Etruscans, Hebrews, and many others. Sadly, we only know them from the writings of other cultures. Among their contributions to civilization was the development of a phonetic alphabet and a pan-Mediterranean economy. They pioneered new political systems that influenced other civilizations in the Middle East. Their neighbors also adopted many of their cultural practices. They helped create the Classical World centered on the Mediterranean, which gave birth to the Western world.

The history of the Phoenicians

An inscription with words in the Phoenician alphabet

The Phoenicians were a Semitic people who primarily inhabited Lebanon, but they may also have lived in parts of modern Syria and Isreal. Archaeological evidence indicates that they were related to the Levant's Ancient people, known as Canaanites, in the Bible.

The Phoenicians emerged in history about 1800 BC, during the Bronze Age. They occupied a narrow strip of coast, and stronger kingdoms and Empires surrounded them. Because they had limited land, they became a highly urbanized society that relied on seafarers and merchants to survive. Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Berytus, and Byblos were the most critical cities in Phoenicia.

While Phoenicia started as a monarchy over time, it developed a sophisticated and innovative political system. The cities were often rivals’ but often cooperated on maritime and trading matters and sometimes formed a city-states league. At times, one urban center would dominate the others, as was Tyre's case, which dominated Phoenicia in the 9th century BC.

The wealth of the cities meant that predatory kings often targeted them. The Phoenicians came under the sway of the Pharaohs until about 1250 BCE. The invasions of the Sea-peoples led to the collapse of the Egyptian Empire. This led to the economic and cultural flourishing of the Phoenicians. Based on the archaeological evidence, there was a great deal of continuity in Phoenician society and culture, but they also absorbed Babylonian and Egyptian influences.

The urban population in Phoenicia exploded in the 9th and 8th centuries BC. They had already established several trading posts from Spain to the Levant, expanding into colonies. In 814 BCE, colonists from Tyre settled in what became Carthage during the reign of King Pygmalion. The kings of Tyre were able to establish an informal empire that included all of the Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians remained the Levant's dominant sea power even when they became the Neo-Assyrian Empire's vassals.

However, the Persian Empire's rise was to end the golden age of Phoenicia, especially after the capture of Tyre in 585 BCE, by Cyrus the Great. Despite this, the Phoenicians remained wealthy and remained maritime powers because they had a great deal of autonomy, even under Persian domination. The decline of the Phoenicians was gradual, and they eventually lost all their autonomy in the aftermath of the conquests of Alexander the Great. They became Hellenized. Over the years, they lost their cultural and religious identity.

Phoenician economy, society, and religion

A Tophet where human sacrifices were allegedly held

The Phoenicians were great explorers, and it is believed that Hanno explored the west coast of African in the 7th century BC. There are even some sources that argue that they visited Britain and Ireland. The city-states had large fleets, and they pioneered the development of the multi-tiered oared galley, which was the most advanced ship in the period. The Phoenicians became great sailors to secure resources and to engage in commerce. The economies of cities such as Tyre were dependent on manufacturing and trade. They exported cedar wood all over the Mediterranean and were renowned for their purple dyes production, which was very popular with ancient monarchs.

The Phoenicians, like the Hebrews, who were related people, were very religious people. Their chief god was Baal and many of the Phoenician gods derived from the Canaanites' religion. Each city has its own titular deity. For example, Melqart was the patron deity of Tyre. It has been claimed that they practiced human sacrifice. In particular, they sacrificed children at a Tophet site, but some historians reject this. Religious fraternities were very important in Phoenician social and commercial life.

Phoenician art and culture

The Phoenicians were famous artists, and Homer in the Odyssey praises their craft persons and artisans. They utilized traditional Canaanite styles and designs. Like many other urban cultures, they were receptive to new ideas and artistic styles. For example, they adopted the Egyptian-style sarcophagi.

There was no single, distinctive Phoenician artistic style, but they developed new skills and transmitted other peoples' art across the Levant. Creative works made in cities such as Sidon were exported all over the Mediterranean to Carthaginian outposts, and they influenced local artists. The Phoenicians played a vital role in developing the First Jewish Temple, built by King Solomon. Artisans sent by the King of Tyre helped in its construction. The cities of Phoenicia played a critical role in the Levant's artistic development and beyond.

The Phoenician Alphabet

Perhaps the most important cultural innovation of the Phoenicians was the development of the alphabet around 1000 BC. It appears that the Canaanites had developed the first phonetic alphabet, and peoples such as the Moabites used it. Based on the evidence, it would appear that the Phoenicians contributed to the development of this alphabet, and it appears that they used it widely in their commercial enterprises.

They helped to popularize the alphabet, and many cultures, including the Greeks and Hebrews, adopted it. Over time, many national languages used their writing system. This alphabet was one of the most important inventions in all of human history. It was different from hieroglyphs, used by many societies in the Levant, as it was not based on signs but on the sounds of speech people made. The consonants were combined with vowels to form words and sentences and allowed individuals to engage in much more complex communications than previously.

This system permitted bureaucrats and others to keep more effective records and made governments more efficient. Ordinary people, such as traders, could learn the alphabet and become literate, which revolutionized many aspects of life. Scholars believe that the Hebrew alphabet is a regional variant of the one used in Phoenicia. Today, the script developed and transmitted by the inhabitants of cities such as Sidon, Tyre and Byblos, forms the basis for most of the globe’s alphabets.

Phoenicians: Early for of democracy?

As was the case with other urban and mercantile societies, Phoenicia developed sophisticated political systems. These city-states initially organized these governments around kings, the priesthood, and a council of elders. These increasingly became oligarchic over time. The Phoenicians were among the first to develop political institutions other than that of the Levant monarchy. Some claim that they introduced a limited form of democracy centuries before the Greeks.

There is evidence that citizens of cities such as Sidon would vote for candidates for the assembly during religious festivities. People transmitted these democratic practices to outposts, such as Carthage. We can have a better understanding of the nature of Punic institutions by studying the constitution of Carthage. It was an oligarchical republic where citizens could elect two presidents called Suffetes. It even had a popular assembly and trade unions.

The Phoenician’s political system was instrumental in the development of governments in the Classical period. The governments of cities such as Sidon and Tyre influenced the Greek city-states such as Athens. It is also possible that they also introduced democratic institutions and practices to the Etruscans, who later transmitted them to the Romans.

The creation of a Mediterranean economy

The Phoenicians were renowned traders and sailors. They traded all over the Mediterranean and even in the Black Sea. They traded luxury goods and high-value products such as the famous purple dye, far and wide. Traders from Sidon and other cities voyaged great distances to obtain metals such as bronze and tin. These were sourced in the mysterious land of Taresh, which is believed to have been located in modern Spain.

The Phoenicians and the colonies helped to create a trade network that traversed the Mediterranean Sea and beyond. This network helped the region to recover from the collapse of civilizations associated with the Sea Peoples.

However, the Phoenicians were not just traders; they were also notorious pirates and slavers. Nonetheless, city-states such as Tyre made a crucial contribution to the development of international trade. What is more, the commercial networks of the Phoenicians allowed for the exchange and transmission of ideas.

Historians believe that they influenced other cultures, especially about religion. The Greek goddess Aphrodite was based on the cult of Astarte, which was widely practiced in Phoenicia.

Phoenicia role in the development of Carthage

Punic ruins

By the 5th century BC, the small trading outpost of Carthage developed into a great city. It became the leading maritime and commercial power in the Western Mediterranean. It was under the control of Tyre until the Persians conquered Phoenicia. The Carthaginians, freed from the influence of Phoenicia, conquered the other Punic outposts and eventually dominated much of the North Africa coast and many of the Mediterranean islands.

Carthage retained its Phoenician culture and institutions and influenced many societies in the region down the centuries. They were the rivals of the Greeks in Sicily and elsewhere, and later they proved to be the greatest enemy of Rome. The Carthaginians fought three wars with Rome, known as the Punic Wars, and they were ultimately to determine the fate of the Mediterranean World for centuries.

If they had prevailed over Rome, the history of the Western World could have been much different. Despite their defeat and the city's eventual destruction in 154 BC, Carthage left an enduring legacy. They introduced new agricultural methods and naval technologies into the region, which were adopted by Rome.

Moreover, the Carthaginians developed a rich civilization and economy on the North African littoral. After the Romans occupied Carthage after the Third Punic War, it became a crucial part of the Roman economy. Moreover, many Punic communities continued to prosper, such as that at Utica. Many remained proud of their Phoenician ancestry, such as one of the greatest Christian thinkers, St Augustine. Indeed, it was only with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire that Punic culture and language vanished from the region. The Phoenicians their colony Carthage altered the course of history in North Africa.

Conclusion

Phoenicia is far less famous than the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome. In history, Phoenicia's place was erased because other powers conquered it and its colonies, and its libraries and records were nearly all destroyed after Persia conquered the kingdom. Therefore, Phoenicia's contributions to ancient civilization and history have often not been recognized.

Among their many achievements, the Phoenicians pioneered new commercial networks and introduced urban living into many Mediterranean areas for the first time. The Phoenicians introduced the phonetic alphabet to many societies. This innovation revolutionized many cultures in the Mediterranean and changed the course of the history of world history. Phoenicia was also one of the first civilizations to develop democratic institutions. The Ancient Greeks emulated these. Their colonization of the Mediterranean was important. The Phoenician trading post of Carthage eventually became an Empire that was pivotal in the history of the Classical World.

Further Reading

• Clifford, R. J. (1990). Phoenician religion. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 279(1), 55-64.
• Millar, F. (1983). The Phoenician cities: a case-study of Hellenisation. The Cambridge Classical Journal, 29, 55-71.
• Markoe, G. E. (1990). The emergence of Phoenician art. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 279(1), 13-26.
• Oded, B. (1974). The Phoenician cities and the Assyrian Empire in the time of Tiglath-pileser III. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), (H. 1), 38-49.