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Changes
→Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe and Climate
In the 1300s-1500s, climate was somewhat stable, but colder conditions began to become evident. This though did mean many of the settlements became harder to continue in regions such as Greenland. Wine making began to retreat southward to central and southern Europe. Populations did recover and expand after the Black Death of the 14th century, in part this was helped by the favourable climate conditions in the 14th century. The Black Death itself may have been triggered by climate events elsewhere in Asia. By the 16th century, it became even more decisively colder. The so-called Little Ice Age began around the 14th century and continued well until the 19th century at around 1850, resulting in about 550 years of generally colder conditions. Prolonged colder conditions began to lead to more crop failures as well as increased rates of disease. This may have contributed to some of the peasant revolts and increased activities of rebellion that gradually reduced the power of the nobility and gave greater power and freedom to the lower classes that is evident in the late Medieval Europe. Another result of this period was the association of witchcraft and weather-making. From the late 14th century and through the Little Ice Age, witchcraft became a significant accusation and increasingly used in Europe, with women in particular targeted with accusations. Witchcraft soon became associated with the power to shift the climate and the fact that rivers froze and crops failed led these accusations to become more common. Marginalized groups, such as Jewish communities, were also sometimes blamed for the turn in the climate.<ref>For more on the Little Ice Age and its effect in Europe, see: Fagan, B. M. (2002). <i>The little ice age: how climate made history 1300-1850 (1st. paperback ed. 2002)</i>. New York: BasicBooks.</ref>
There were other cultural responses. In the 16th century, artists began to increasingly use winter and winter-like scenes in their paintings. This was relatively rare before this period. The use of clouds and winter scenes appears to have peaked between 1600-1649 in paintings, which may have been among the coldest parts of this period(Figure 2). Ice skating began to become a popular sport in many regions of Europe. From 1608-1814, London had a Frost Fair that included ice skating on the Thames and other winter activities. The fact that rivers froze deep enough to enable prolonged periods of ice skating had not occurred before. The fact it has also not existed since the 19th century indicates conditions have become warmer since then. In Scotland, it is likely curling began to become a popular sport during the Little Ice age, as long periods of frozen weather enabled this sport to be played for a long period of the year. By around the mid 19th century, the climate began to take a clear warming trend, resulting in temperate conditions once again returning to many parts of Europe.<ref>For more on how culture was affected by the Little Ice Age, see: Behringer, W. (2010). <i>A cultural history of climate</i>. Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA: Polity. </ref> [[File:56-3625983-800px-pieter-bruegel-the-elder-hunters-in-the-snow-winter-google-art-project.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Paintings such as the "Hunter in the Snow" became more common in the Little Ice Age.]]
==Conflict and Climate==
