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[[File:1184px-Metate Maya.jpeg|thumbnail|300px200px|left|Figure 1. Mayan plate showing the preparation of chocolate.]]
Chocolate is derived from the New World cacao plant. Since the discovery of the New World, the popularity of chocolate has substantially grown. However, chocolate's history and its consumption go back much further to about four thousand years ago. The forms chocolate has been found to have more recently greatly varied, but it has always played an important role in tribes and complex societies. From a ritual product to more everyday use, chocolate has greatly impacted the development of the New World in the eyes of European explorers.
====Early History====
The earliest evidence for using the cacao (also cocoa) plant for chocolate is derived from the Olmec culture that populated southern Mexico more than 3000-4000 years ago. While no direct evidence exists, such as written records, trace chemicals that include theobromine found in the plant indicate that some ceramic vessels were used to prepare or direct consumption of chocolate-derived products. This early chocolate was most likely roasted and fermented, where cacao seeds would have been first pulverized and grounded in using a mortar and pestle. In fact, for almost all of chocolate's history, it has been drunk rather than consumed as a solid, and often it was an alcoholic beverage (Figure 1).<ref>For more on the history of the cacao plant, see: McNeil, C. L. (2006). <i>Chocolate in Mesoamerica: a cultural history of cacao.</i> Gainesville: University Press of Florida. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/id/10490739</ref>
The Maya are the first to document the consumption and use of chocolate. Like the Olmecs, archaeological and historical evidence indicates that chocolate was consumed as a drink rather than eaten. Mayan depictions indicate that Mayan writings suggest a ritual style consumption and this; the cacao plant was later known to Europeans as the gods' plant. The Aztecs from central Mexico also used cacao and chocolate, where it also became a religiously important drink that had its own association with the god Quetzalcoatl, a feathered serpent deity who protected and held the knowledge of chocolate. The Aztec myth states that the gods became angry when humans learned about chocolate. The Aztecs drank chocolate cold, suggesting some differences from the Maya, who liked it mostly as a warm fermented drink. Both warm and cold drinks likely existed. Cacao beans seem to have also been used as a type of currency, traded to purchase other objects as needed. Christopher Columbus, on his fourth trip to the New World, while traveling with Ferdinand, his son, encountered the cacao bean in 1502, making him the first European to encounter this plant and learn about chocolate.<ref>For more on the consumption of chocolate by the Maya and Aztecs, as well as it is ritual connections, see: Frydenborg, K. (2015). <i>Chocolate: sweet science and dark secrets of the world’s favorite treat.</i> Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.</ref>
The Aztecs drank chocolate cold, suggesting some differences from the Maya, who liked it mostly as a warm fermented drink. Both warm and cold drinks likely existed. Cacao beans seem to have also been used as a type of currency, traded to purchase other objects as needed. Christopher Columbus, on his fourth trip to the New World, while traveling with Ferdinand, his son, encountered the cacao bean in 1502, making him the first European to encounter this plant and learn about chocolate.<ref>For more on the consumption of chocolate by the Maya and Aztecs, as well as it is ritual connections, see: Frydenborg, K. (2015). <i>Chocolate: sweet science and dark secrets of the world’s favorite treat.</i> Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.</ref> ====European Use====
[[File:1600px-Pietro Longhi 0250.jpeg|thumbnail|left|Figure 2. Painting showing the consumption of liquid chocolate in the morning, a common time and way in which chocolate was consumed in the 18th century.]]
The arrival of Spanish conquistadors, specifically Hernando Cortés, brought Europeans not only in contact with the chocolate, who initially did not like the taste of the drink as it was bitter but the conquistadors also imported it back to Europe. Chocolate, at this time, did not include sugar, so it was usually quite bitter.
By 1820, new machines were invented that separated cacao solids and butter. Soon, cacao powder was produced. Chocolate now became more mass-produced. The German chocolate manufacturer, still producing chocolates today, also established its first factories and helped bring chocolate to a larger market. However, it was still a product for the upper classes. Finally, in 1848, the realization was made that adding cacao butter, sugar, and cacao liquor allowed the creation of what would be edible, solid chocolate, which proved to be a revolutionizing moment for chocolate consumption that allowed it to become a more diverse food product.<ref>For more on the science of production of chocolate in the early 19th century, see: Beckett, S. T. (2008). <i>The Science of Chocolate</i> (2nd ed). Cambridge, UK: RSC Publishing, pg. 46.</ref>
====More Recent Use====The late 19th century continued to see improvements in machines that made the taste and quality of chocolate better. It allowed creamy and rich chocolate to be made that left no aftertaste. With the increasing popularity of chocolate, the rise of fraudulent chocolate or imitation products emerged. European countries soon moved to create food standards and guidelines that protected chocolate and its quality so that imitation products could not be falsely advertised. At the same time, prices of cacao began to drop dramatically in the 1890s and 1900s. This now meant that a much wider middle class could purchase chocolate. The production also began to shift away from the New World, and cacao production increased in Asia and Africa in particular. This helped to depress the price of cacao for growers but enabled it to be a mass consumptive product at even greater levels.<ref>For more on the history of cacao in the 19th and 20th centuries, see: Clarence-Smith, W. G. (2000). <i>Cocoa and chocolate, 1765-1914.</i> London ; New York: Routledge.</ref>
In the 1910s, many well-known European brands began to be established, including Godiva, La Maison du Chocolat, Fauchon in France, Lindt, Suchard, and Sprüngli. The 1860s had already established the Nestlé family. In 1912, praline was invented and became one of the latest crazes of chocolate. In the 1930s, improvements in the preservation of chocolate also now allowed it to be included in other foods so that chocolate pastes and other chocolate derived products could be more easily mixed with other food items after they were transported to other regions.<ref>For more on the major chocolate brands, see: Cadbury, D. (2011). <i>Chocolate wars: the 150-year rivalry between the world’s greatest chocolate makers.</i> New York: PublicAffairs.</ref>
Today, Western Africa produces about 2/3 of the world's cacao. The price of chocolate has been relatively volatile in recent times, as world politics influences the cacao trade. Unfortunately, this has also meant that modern-day slavery has often been associated with cacao production, as low prices have sometimes created or instigated farmers to use forced labor or not pay their workers.<ref>For more on recent cacao production and its shift to Africa, see: Ryan, O. (2012). Chocolate nations: living and dying for cocoa in West Africa.</ref>
====Summary====Chocolate, even in its earliest history, was a product of great desire that was considered, as the name implies, the food of the gods. The Maya and Aztecs saw it as a warm or cold drink, often drunk as an alcoholic beverage that was bitter in taste and associated with a religious ceremony. With the conquest of the New World, the Spanish brought cacao back to the Old World. For a time, the Spanish even dominated the production of cacao and, therefore, chocolate production. Mixing cacao with honey and sugar made chocolate a more desired product in Europe. Soon, with the backing of the elite and nobles in Europe, chocolate became a highly valued drink. It was only in the early 19th century that chocolate became easier to produce and by the mid-19th century, it could finally be produced in a solid form. By the late 19th century, chocolate became a mass consumption item that spread to all classes. Many well-known brands soon developed by the early 20th century. Innovations in preservation helped chocolate to be used in a variety of foods and products. While chocolate's importance is undisputed among foods worldwide, the basic cacao beans used have now mostly grown in volatile West Africa. This has, unfortunately, at times, led to difficult production circumstances and even modern slavery.
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