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[[File: Willewalde - Czar's Guard capture 4th line regiment's standard at Austerlitz.jpg|thumbnail|left|600px300px|Russian cavalry in action at Austerlitz]]The Battle of Austerlitz , also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors ' Battle, was one of the most important critical battles in European History. It was also Napoleon’s greatest Napoleon's most significant victory. At the battle, Napoleon’s Napoleon's employed a brilliant strategy to defeat the combined forces of the Russian and the Austrian Empires. The victory of the French stunned Europe and meant that they were masters of Europe, for a brief period of time. This article will discuss the reasons for the French victory, this will include Napoleon's military genius, the superiority of the French army and poor Allied decision-makingcombined forces.

The triumph of the French stunned Europe and meant that they were masters of Europe for a brief period. This article will discuss the reasons for the French victory. This will include Napoleon's military genius, the French army's superiority, and poor Allied decision-making.  ====Background====After a string of brilliant victories, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the France. By 1805, his armies had proven victorious in Germany, Spain, and Italy , and he was the most powerful man in Europe. This prompted the other powers in Europe to form the Third Coalition in order to defeat the French. This Coalition included England, Russia, Prussia , and Austria. The formation of this alliance caught Napoleon off guard. He had been planning for the England's invasion of England and had amassed a large army in northern France, known as the Army of England.  However, he learned that Austria, Prussia, and the Russians were mobilizing and planned to attack the French and their allies. Napoleon abandoned his plans to invade England and decided to attack his enemies in the east before they could unite their forces. This was typical of Napoleon , who was always willing to go on the attack and believed that the key to success was never to never let the enemy to settle and attack them before they were in a position to could attack the French.<ref> David G. Chandler, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0025236601/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0025236601&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=b7102b4553a33f72683b1ad69f241308 The Campaigns of Napoleon]</i>.(Longman, N.Y., 2000) p. 407</ref>

Moving with great speed , he took his army of over 200,000 French and allied troops from their encampments near Boulogne and crossed into Germany on September the 25th. The army was divided into several corps. They were independent units with artillery attachments of artillery , and each corps commander had a great deal of autonomy in their decision -making. The army also had also two cavalry divisions of approximately 20,000. The Austrians , with their German allies , decided to meet Napoleon in Bavaria in Germany. They intended to slow down his army and to defend Austria from a French invasion until the arrival of the huge vast Russian army's arrival. The Prussians because  Because of internal politics , the Prussians had been very slow in mobilizing , and the Austrians were forced to meet Napoleon almost on their ownindependently. The Austrian General Mack established a line of defense near Ulm in Bavaria. However, Napoleon’s Napoleon's army was very quick swift, and after a feint attack, he was able to appear appeared at the rear of the Austrian army and inflicted a decisive defeat on Mack. In this battle, the French captured Mack and some 23,000 of his men. Napoleon was free to march into Central Europe.<ref> Chandler, p. 401</ref>  In November of 1805, the French marched on Vienna and occupied it. The Austrian army knew it could not defeat Napoleon, so it retreated to an area in modern-day the Czech Republic, where they met the Russian army under General Kutsov. Here they waited for the Prussian army. Napoleon did not stay long in Vienna and marched forward to meet the allies before the Prussians joined them. He had swept aside all opposition, but he was faced with many problems. His men had marched across Europe and needed rest, while worryingly, his logistics were breaking down. His men were reliant up confiscating food from the locals. Then, winter snows were due, and the French army had not established any winter quarters. Napoleon was eager for a quick battle or would have to retreat because of the weather and a shortage of supplies. ====The Preparations====[[File: Charles Thévenin - Reddition de la ville d'Ulm.jpg|thumbnail|325px|left|Austerlitz battle scene]]The Allies' leadership was divided.<ref>Fisher, Todd & Fremont-Barnes Gregory, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01LYHOVVZ/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B01LYHOVVZ&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=286956cb7b56cd3271bf57ffab84c6ca The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire]</i> (Pelican, London, 1987), p. 33</ref> The Austrian and the Russian Emperors were present at the battle and they had a significant influence on the commanders. General Kutsov, the Russian commander in chief, correctly believed that Napoleon's forces ran low on supplies. With the weather, his army would soon be in difficulties and ready for an allied attack, possibly in the Spring. The Austrian Emperor agreed with his strategy.  The Tsar over-ruled General Kutuzov, and the Austrian Emperor were in a weak position after the defeat at Ulm and his capital loss. Napoleon wanted the allies to fight him in a battle, and he pretended to want peace negotiations.<ref> Fischer and Fremont-Barnes, p. 137</ref> He was not sincere and did not want peace. This fooled some of the allies and persuaded them that they should attack Napoleon immediately. The wily Kutuzov knew that it was a trap, and he counseled for a more cautious approach. He lost out, once again, and the allies agreed that they would stand and fight once they made contact with the French army.<ref>Chandler, p. 411</ref> The allies decided that they would stand and fight at Austerlitz's small village. Here they had secured some high ground and waited for the French to approach. The allies waited for Napoleon's army with some 88,000 men. They were well supplied with cavalry and cannons. The majority of the forces were Russian.<ref>Abbott, John, [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1406503789/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1406503789&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=615da9fc619688fe3b53fbdc93125792 Life of Napoleon Bonaparte]. Kessinger Publishing, London, 2005, 349</ref>. Both the Austrian and the Russian army was organized in a manner very similar to the eighteenth century. The main unit of organization was the regiment, and they were all commanded by aristocrats. Nearly all of the officers were aristocrats, and they maintained a strict discipline in their units, and physical punishment for even slight infringements was common.  The French arrived at Austerlitz with a force of approximately 72,000 men. This was smaller than the Russian and Austrians, but they were among the finest and most experienced soldiers in Europe, and they were highly motivated by their officers and Napoleon. Unlike the allies' officers, they had all received their commission based on merit. The French officer corps was generally better than the allies, and this was a direct result of Napoleon's reform and reorganization of the previously undisciplined French Revolutionary armies.<ref>Abbot, p. 124</ref> ====Battle of Austerlitz==== The two armies faced each other at Austerlitz on December the 1st, 1805. The allies attacked the French right. This was what Napoleon had expected. He had deliberately weakened it to entice the allies into an attack on this area. He ordered his right to hold on for as long as possible. The Allies initially made some headway, and they drove the French from a small hamlet. Still, the French right retreated orderly and inflicted heavy casualties on the Russians and the Austrians. The French artillery was very accurate and efficient, and it managed first to slow the allies and later stopped their attack on the right. A Corps under Davout then arrived and bolstered the right. Napoleon saw that the allies had weakened their center to attack his right. <dh-ad/>

In November Napoleon placed Lannes's V Corps at the northern end of 1805, the French marched on Vienna line and occupied itClaude Legrand's Corpsmen at the southern end. The Austrian army knew it could not defeat Napoleon so it retreated to an area He then placed Soult's IV Corps in modern-day the Czech Republiccenter, here they met the Russian army under General Kutsovand this strengthened it significantly. Here they waited for This was a complex maneuver, but it was carried out efficiently and speedily thanks to the Prussian army"Grande Armee" corps system's efficiency. Then Napoleon did not stay long in Vienna ordered a corps under Davout to attack his right flank, and marched forward to meet this caught the allies before they were joined by surprise, the Prussians. He had swept aside all opposition but he Russian commander was faced with many problemsdrunk, his men had marched across Europe and needed rest, while worryingly his logistics soon the allies were breaking down. His men were reliant up confiscating food from the localsin full retreat in this sector<ref> Chandler, then there was the fact that the snows of winter were due and the French army had not established any winter quartersp. Napoleon was eager for a quick battle or else he would have to retreat because of the weather and a shortage of supplies415</ref>.

==The Preparations==[[FileAround 8: Charles Thévenin - Reddition de la ville d45 AM, believing that the Allied center had been sufficiently weakened, Napoleon summoned Soult to discuss an attack on the enemy lines at the Pratzen Heights. Napoleon thought that 'one sharp blow'Ulmat this point could bring him victory.jpg|thumbnail|325px|Austerlitz battle scene]]The Allies leadership Corps under Soult was dividedthrown back after brave Russian resistance.<ref>FisherHowever, Todd & FremontSaint-Barnes GregoryHillaire swept the Russians from the heights, which meant the allies center had been broken <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01LYHOVVZ/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B01LYHOVVZ&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=286956cb7b56cd3271bf57ffab84c6ca The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire]</i> (Pelican, London, 1987)Chandler, p. 33411</ref> . The Austrian and the Russian Emperors were present at A French cavalry attack was driven back on the battle and they had a great influence on left by the commandersexcellent Austrian cavalry. General KutsovHowever, the Russian commander in chief, correctly believed that Napoleon’s forces were running low on supplies center and that together with the weather, that his right of the Allied army would soon be were in difficulties and then ready for an allied attack possibly in the Spring, the Austrian Emperor agreed with his strategyfull flight. The Tsar over-ruled General Kutuzov and the Austrian Emperor was in French, sensing a weak position total victory, charged after the defeat at Ulm and the loss of his capital. Napoleon wanted the allies to fight him fleeing troops' many Russian troops drowned in a battle and he pretended marsh as they attempted to want peace negotiationsflee.<ref> Fischer and Fremont-Barnes, p. 137</ref> He was not sincere and did not want to peace. This fooled some of The Austrian cavalry mounted an almost suicidal attack on the allies and persuaded them that they should attack Napoleon immediately. The wily Kutuzov knew that it was a trap and he counseled for a more cautious approach. He lost outadvancing French Corps, once again and saving the allies agreed that once they made contact with the French army they would stand and fightfrom destruction.<ref>Chandler, p. 411</ref>

====Aftermath of the Battle of Austerlitz====The allies decided that they would stand French were the clear winners of the battle. It ended all Austrian resistance and fight at ended the small village War of Austerlitz, here they the Third Coalition. The French had secured some high ground lost about 1300 killed and waited for the French to approach6000 wounded. The allies waited for Napoleon’s army with some 88suffered much heavier losses. They lost 15,000 men, they and thousands more were well supplied with cavalry and cannonscaptured. The majority of the forces were RussianAusterlitz was perhaps, in many ways, Napoleon's greatest victory.<ref>AbbottLyons, JohnMartyn, <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/14065037890312121237/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=14065037890312121237&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=615da9fc619688fe3b53fbdc93125792 Life of 906d04ffbb50998f85262ef04e3d5b8a Napoleon Bonaparte]. Kessinger Publishing, London, 2005, 349</ref>. Both the Austrian and the Russian army was organized in a manner very similar to the eighteenth century. The main unit Legacy of organization was the regiment and they were all commanded by aristocrats. Nearly all of the officers were aristocrats and they maintained a strict discipline in their units and physical punishment for even slight infringements were common. The French arrived at Austerlitz, with a force of approximately 72,000 menRevolution]</i>. This was smaller than the Russian and Austrians but they were among the finest and most experienced soldiers in Europe and they were highly motivated by their officers and NapoleonSt. Unlike the allies’ officersMartin's Press London, they had all received their commission based on merit. The French officer corps was generally better than the allies and this was a direct result of Napoleon’s reform and reorganization of the previously undisciplined French Revolutionary armies.<ref>Abbot1994, p. 124345</ref>

==Battle of Austerlitz== The two armies faced each other at Austerlitz on Napoleon was almost the 1st complete master of December 1805Europe. The allies made an attack against After his victory, he forced Austria to sign a humiliating Treaty, and the French rightRussians were forced to retreat. This was what Napoleon had expecteda free hand in Germany, he had deliberately weakened it so as to entice dissolved the allies into an attack on this area. He simply ordered his right to hold on for as long as possible. The Allies initially made some headway Holy Roman Empire, and they drove established the Rhine Confederation, a French puppet. Without the threat from a small hamletAustria and Russia, but the French right retreated in an orderly manner and inflicted heavy casualties were able to concentrate on the Russians Prussians and defeated them decisively at Jena's battle. However, many believe that the Austrians. The French artillery victory was very accurate and efficient and not as decisive as it managed to at first slow appeared, as the allies Austrians were able to wage war against Napoleon in 1807, and later stopped their attack on the rightRussians were far from defeated. A Corps under Davout then arrived and bolstered Furthermore, the English had defeated the French at Trafalgar, which meant complete control of the rightseas.<ref>Schroeder, Paul W. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0198206542/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0198206542&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=00562c16a0e9d3340b617341269f768a The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848]</i>, (Longman, NY, 1996), p. 518 </ref> The English, as a result, were determined to continue the fight against Napoleon saw that , even after the battle. Nonetheless, the allies French had weakened their center established supremacy in order to attack his rightEurope that had not been seen since the days of the Romans.

====Why did Napoleon Win?====There were several reasons as to why the French won at Austerlitz. One of them was Napoleon placed Lannes's V Corps at military genius. He had cleverly convinced his enemies that he was weaker than he was by his insincere proposal for peace negotiations. This fooled the northern end of the line, Tsar and encouraged him to stand and Claude Legrandfight. This played into Bonaparte's Corps men at hands.<ref> Chandler, p. 409</ref> Then, the French strategy and tactics during the southern endbattle were brilliant. He then placed Soult’s IV Corps in Napoleon predicted where and when the center allies would attack and this strengthened it greatlythen attacked them at their weakest point. This was meant that he and his troops could rout a massive army in less than a very complex maneuver but it day's fighting. Another reason for the French victory was carried out efficiently and speedily thanks to the efficiency of the French army'''Grand Armee''' s superior organization. The corps system. Then Napoleon ordered a corps under Davout was flexible and could react to attack his right flank and this caught any changes on the allies by surprisebattlefield.<ref> Stutterheim, Karl. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B009MH68O4/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B009MH68O4&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=6f88b6558dbf081d32734a4acf4e7c1a A Detailed Account of the Russian commander was drunk and soon the allies were in full retreat in this sectorBattle of Austerlitz]<ref/i> Chandler. Pine-Coffin, John (trans.) (London: Thomas Goddard, 1807) p. 41546 </ref>.

Around 8:45 AMThe French officers were also much better than the allies, believing that the Allied center who only had been sufficiently weakened, Napoleon summoned Soult to discuss an attack on their position because of their birth and were often incompetent. The average French soldier at Austerlitz was a battle-hardened veteran who was inspired by the enemy lines at ideals of the Pratzen Heights. Napoleon believed that ‘one sharp blow’ at this point could bring him victoryRevolution. The Corps under Soult French cannon was thrown back after brave Russian resistancesuperior to the allies, but not much so. One of the main reasons Napoleon defeated Austria Russia's combined armies were fighting in an eighteenth-century manner. HoweverTheir organization, Sainttactics, and strategy were old-Hillaire was able fashioned, according to sweep a German observer of the Russians from the heights and this meant that the allies center had been broken battle.<ref> ChandlerStutterhein, p. 41119</ref>. A The French cavalry attack was driven back on had changed the left by the excellent Austrian cavalry. Howevernature of warfare, the center and the right of the Allied army was in full flight. The French sensing a total victory charged after the fleeing troops many Russians troops drowned in a marsh as they attempted to flee. The Austrian cavalry mounted an almost suicidal attack on the advancing French Corps and Allies did not recognize this may have saved the allies from complete annihilation.

==Aftermath of Furthermore, the Battle Tsar interfered with his commander's decisions, and many Generals only agreed with his tactics out of Austerlitz==The French were the clear winners of the battlerespect for his Royal Person. It ended all Austrian resistance and ended This meant that the War of the Third Coalitiongreat Russian General Kutsov was sidelined. The French He had lost about 1300 killed and 6000 wounded. The allies suffered much heavier losses they lost 15proposed different tactics,000 men and thousands more are captured. Austerlitz this was perhaps in many ways Napoleons greatest victory.<ref> Lyonsto draw Napoleon further into eastern Europe, Martyn, <i>[https://wwwto weaken him before the allies would destroy him.amazon.com/gp/product/0312121237/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0312121237&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=906d04ffbb50998f85262ef04e3d5b8a This was actually what Kutsov would do when Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution]</i>invaded Russian in 1813. St. MartinThe Tsar's Press London, 1994, p. 345</ref> After his victory, he was able failure to force Austria listen to sign a humiliating Treaty and the Russians were forced his most experienced soldier contributed to retreat, Napoleon had a free hand in Germany and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and established the Confederation of the Rhine in its place, which was a French puppethis disastrous defeat. Without the threat from Austria, and Russia Another reason for the French were able to concentrate on the Prussians and defeated them decisively at the battle of Jena. Napoleon 's victory was almost the complete master failure of Europe. However, many believe that the victory was not as decisive as it first appeared, as the Austrians were able Prussians to wage a war against Napoleon in 1807 and the Russians were far from defeatedsend their army on time. Furthermore, They could have helped to turn the English had defeated tide of the French at Trafalgar and this meant that battle if they had complete control of the seasbeen present.<ref>Schroeder, Paul W. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0198206542/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0198206542&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=00562c16a0e9d3340b617341269f768a The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848]</i>, (Longman, NY, 1996)Chandler, p. 518 409</ref> The English as a result, were determined to continue the fight against Napoleon, even after the battle. Nonetheless, the French had established a supremacy in Europe that had not been seen since the days of the Romans.

==Why did Napoleon Win?==Conclusions====There were several reasons as to why Austerlitz was a great victory. However, it was not the French won at Austerlitzdecisive victory that it has often been portrayed. One of them Napoleon was Napoleon’s military geniusable to inflict a defeat on the Coalition. He had cleverly convinced his enemies Napoleon won because he duped the allies into thinking that he was weaker than he was by his insincere proposal for peace wanted negotiations. This fooled the Tsar and encouraged him , which prompted them to stand seek a battle, which he had expected and fightwanted. This played into BonaparteThe allies perhaps should have avoided a battle and allowed Napoleon's handsarmy to suffer from an overextended supply line in winter.<ref> ChandlerDuring the actual battle, pNapoleon's strategy worked very well. 409</ref> Then the French His strategy and tactics during the battle were brilliantsuperb. Napoleon predicted where and when Then his army was superior to the allies would attack and then attacked them at , except their weakest pointcavalry. This meant that he His units were well-led, motivated, and his troops flexible, while the allies were able using led by often incompetent officers and poorly organized. These factors all allowed Napoleon to rout defeat a huge slightly larger army and establish French supremacy in less than a day’s fighting. Another reason for the French victory was the superior organization much of the French army, the corps system was flexible and could react to any changes in the battlefieldEurope.<ref> Stutterheim, Karl. <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B009MH68O4/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B009MH68O4&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=6f88b6558dbf081d32734a4acf4e7c1a A Detailed Account of the Battle of Austerlitz]</i>. Pine-Coffin, John (trans.) (London: Thomas GoddardAbbot, 1807) p. 46 376</ref>

The French officers were also much better than the allies who only had their position, because of their birth and were often incompetent. The average French soldier at Austerlitz was a battle hardened veteran who was inspired by the ideals of the Revolution. The French cannon was superior to the allies, but not much so. One of the main reasons why Napoleon was able to defeat the combined armies of Austria and Russia was that they were fighting in an eighteenth-century manner. Their organization, tactics and strategy were outmoded, according to a German observer of the battle.<refyoutube> Stutterhein, p. 19<https://ref> The French had changed the nature of warfare and this was not recognized by the Allieswww. Furthermore, the Tsar interfered with his commander’s decisions and many Generals only agreed with his tactics out of respect for his Royal Personyoutube. This meant that the great Russian General Kutsov was sidelined. He had proposed different tactics and this was to draw Napoleon further into eastern Europe, to weaken him before the allies would destroy him. This was actually what Kutsov would do when Napoleon invaded Russian in 1813. The Tsar’s failure to listen to his most experienced soldier contributed to his disastrous defeat. Another reason for the victory of the French was the failure of the Prussians to send their army on time, they could have helped to turn the tide of the battle if they had been present.<ref>Chandler, p. 409com/watch?v=bhQe2cjr5XQ</refyoutube>

==Conclusions==Austerlitz was a great victory. However, it was not the decisive victory that it has often been portrayed. Napoleon was able to inflict a defeat on the Coalition. Napoleon won because he duped the allies into thinking that he wanted negotiations, which prompted them to seek a battle, which he had expected and wanted. The allies perhaps should have avoided a battle and allowed Napoleon’s army to suffer from an overextended supply line in winter. During the actual battle, Napoleon’s strategy worked very well. His strategy and tactics were superb. Then his army was superior to the allies, except their cavalry. His units were well led, motivated and flexible, while the allies were using led by often incompetent officers and poorly organized. These factors all allowed Napoleon to defeat a slightly larger army and establish French supremacy in much of Europe.<ref>Abbot, p. 376</ref><div class="portal" style="width:85%;">==Related DailyHistory.org Articles==*[[Origins of the World War One - Top Ten Booklist]]*[[What started World War One?]]*[[How Did the German Military Develop Blitzkrieg?]]*[[Causes of World War II Top Ten Booklist]]*[[How did Winston Churchill become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in World War Two?]]</div>{{Mediawiki:Napoleon}}Reference==Reference==