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Ivan IV Vasilyevich (sometimes better known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Formidable) may have established one of the first espionage services in Russia in the 16th century. Ivan was one of the first monarchs to create a very centralized Russian state. Before his time, Russian nobles often held great power and influence and would often oppose the actions of the tsar. He created an organization called the Oprichnik, who were a group of operatives loyal to the tsar and effectively became Russia 's first state police and spy service. They are historically known to have mostly repressed the population to maintain control of the state as Ivan began to accrue greater power and centralize the state towards himself. The group was known to be ascetic and Ivan had peculiar demands that they, outwardly at least, appear link like monks in austerity but in reality were given to excesses. While the mostly acted like a state police organization, they also conducted espionage on the population to inform Ivan on possible uprisings or rebellions against his actions (Figure 1).<ref>For more on Ivan IV and the Oprichnik, see: Yanov, Alexander. 1981. <i>The Origins of Autocracy: Ivan the Terrible in Russian History</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, pg. 304.</ref>

The next great development occurred during the reign of Peter the Great (1682-1721), where he inaugurated the Bureau of Information. This organization acted like a network of secret police who spied on the population. However, spying also now developed as a state enterprise against adversaries. Russia, in his time, became a more modern state that could compete militarily with the other great European powers. This meant that espionage of these potential adversaries became more important as Russia now came into increased conflict with European states. The Russian Empire also witnessed expansion in the time of Peter the Great, including against the Ottoman Empire, requiring better information for battlefield success. This began a long relationship between the military and espionage in Russia that has lasted to this day.<ref>For more on Peter the Great and his reforms that included developing espionage, see: Carlisle, Rodney P., ed. 2005. <i>Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence</i>. Armonk, N.Y: Sharpe Reference, pg. 550.</ref>

In the reign of Catherine the Great, industrial espionage became important to Russia as it now saw that it needed to compete in industry, such as iron works, to stay competitive with Europe. Russian travelers were dispatched to Britain and other places to learn how Western states developed their now increasingly industrialized economies. This now created a new area for Russian espionage to focusrather than solely on military or security affairs. Rather than mostly domestic surveillance, a new focus on external espionage developedthat tried to develop networks of local spies in countries to accrue information needed to allow Russia to catch up in areas deemed important to the economy or military. This is very similar to how the Soviets would later develop atomic spy networks in the United States during the Cold War.<ref>For more on industrial espionage, see: Harris, J. R. 2017. <i>Industrial Espionage and Technology Transfer: Britain and France in the Eighteenth Century</i>. Routledge, pg. 524.</ref>