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[[File:Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg|thumbnail|350px250px|left|Rue de Rivoli in Paris a week after the fires abated]]In 1871, in Paris, there was one of the first modern left-wing revolutions in the world. It came amidst a background of war and siege. The Paris Commune , as the revolution was known, sought to implement some of the most radical ideas of the French Revolution. The revolutionaries were much influenced by anarchism and were in many ways the precursors of the Soviet Communist in Russian in the early 20th century. The Paris Commune was ultimately defeated, but it served as a model for many revolutionaries at the time and to the present day. ==Background==In 1870, the Prussian Chancellor Bismarck engineered a war with France, under its Emperor Napoleon III. The two nations fought each other mainly in north-eastern France. The Prussians and their German allies defeated the French at the Battle of Sedan and captured the Emperor and they then proceeded to besiege Paris. In the city, the local defence was often in the hands of the the local militia, the National Guard and they were organised on the basis of neighbourhoods. At this time, many citizens of Paris, especially in the poorer neighbourhoods, effectively governed themselves, as they were cut off from the control of the central government, during the Prussian siege.

A new provisional French government was located in Bordeaux====Background====In 1870, the Prussian Chancellor Bismarck engineered a war with France, under its Emperor Napoleon III. The two nations fought each other, far mainly in the Southnorth-West of eastern France. Many of The Prussians and their German allies defeated the French at the members Battle of Sedan and captured the National Guard had left-wing sympathies Emperor, and they had long resented the autocratic rule of Napoleon III and were eager for change. <ref>Edwards, Stewart (1971). ''The then proceeded to besiege Paris Commune 1871''. (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode)In the city, p. 67.</ref> Many of the more radical elements local defense was often in the local militia, the National Guard were radicals , and wanted a revolutionorganized based on neighborhoods. Many of these were sympathetic to At this time, many Paris citizens, especially in the first Socialist movement the ‘First International’.<ref>Stewartpoorer neighborhoods, effectively governed themselves, p. 68.</ref> Many in Paris felt abandoned by as they were cut off from the new French central government and angry at their handling of 's control during the war effortPrussian siege.

There was growing frustration with the A new provisional French army and the government for failing to lift was located in Bordeaux, far in the Prussian siege and after a large demonstration, South-West of France. Many of the National Guard seized control of members had left-wing sympathies, and they had long resented the government autocratic rule of the cityNapoleon III and were eager for change. <ref> Robban, Alfred (1965)Edwards, Stewart. ''A History of Modern France[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812902599/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812902599&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=0f4c18f751d6a03db9b795cba08fd648 The Paris Commune 1871]'' . (HammondsworthLondon: Eyre & Spottiswoode, Penguin Books1971), p. 21567.</ref> They began to organise Many of the government of more radical elements in the city on Socialist and Anarchist lines National Guard were radicals and wanted a revolution. Many of these were committed sympathetic to the defence of Paris against the besieging Germans. The Communards as they became known, organised an electionfirst Socialist movement, which they won. They organised the city on socialist principles and power was located with local committees‘First International.’ <ref>CobbanStewart, p. 21768.</ref> Many in Paris felt abandoned by the new French government and angry at their handling of the war effort.

The rebels demanded There was growing frustration with the French army and the government for failing to lift the Prussian siege. After a separation large demonstration, the National Guard seized control of Church and Statethe government of the city.<ref>Cobban, universal suffrage and someAlfred, demanded even the abolition ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/014020525X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=014020525X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=982f548e95ba459e58a23f0b79e6726c A History of all private propertyModern France]'' (Hammondsworth, Penguin Books, 1965), p. 215.</ref> They also wanted the power began to rest with organize the people city's government on Socialist and their local committees. The rebels saw themselves as the heirs of Anarchist lines and were committed to Paris's defense against the Great French Revolutionaries such as Marat and Dantonbesieging Germans. The Communards , as they became known, defied organized an election, which they won. They organized the new French government city on socialist principles, and sought to extend their rule throughout Francepower was located with local committees.<ref>MermanCobban, John (2014). ''Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871''. (New Haven and London: Yale University Pres). p. 81217.</ref>

The rebels demanded a separation of Church and State, universal suffrage, and some demanded even abolishing all private property. They also wanted the power to rest with the people and their local committees. The rebels saw themselves as the heirs of the Great French Revolutionaries such as Marat and Danton. As they became known, the Communards defied the new French government and sought to extend their rule throughout France.<ref>Merman, John (2014). ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0465020178/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0465020178&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=8b30415300c9c2d08b9fb770bbab6922 Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871]''. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press). p. 81.</ref> ====The Suppression of the Communards====

After the French government agreed to a peace treaty with the Germans, the war between it and the Communards was inevitable. The new French government, under Adolphe Thiers, decided to crush the Communards and their movement. With They dispatched a large military force to Paris with secret German, help, who were still occupying territory around France, they despatched a large military force to Paris. <ref>Cobain, p. 218.</ref> When the Communards refused to hand over some cannon over to the French army, this was to provide the French army with the excuse it needed to crush the National Guard and all those who supported the Paris Commune.

The French army bombarded the Communards in Paris and then attacked their strongholds. The rebels resisted furiously , and the fighting became known as the ‘Bloody Week’Week. ’ The French army brutally crushed the rebels , and it summarily executed many Communards. The rebels had also committed many atrocities, including the execution of priests. At the end of the fighting, some 18,000 people had died , and 25,000 were wounded. Many Communards were imprisoned and sent to Penal Colonies in French Guinea.<ref>Merman, p. 134.</ref> The French Government was able to reassert its control over Paris. Soon after the Communards were crushed, the Prussians withdrew from France.

====Influence of the Paris Commune on Revolutionaries====The Communards were totally destroyed, ; however, their revolt and their ideology were to have an enormous influence. They were to inspire many revolutionaries from all over Europe. They saw in the Communard’s rebellion an example of how a society could liberate itself from the forces of oppression, such as the Church and Monarchy. They saw the Communards as providing a model for a future and free society, where equality and justice were guaranteed.<ref>Cobain, p. 218.</ref> Nearly, every revolutionary movement in the period drew important lessons from the Parisian Revolutionaries. Their bloody suppression of the revolution persuaded many that change was only possible through violence. As a result, in the decades following the Communards' defeat of the Communards, many radical groups, engaged in terrorists’ terrorist attacks across Europe, but especially in the Russian Empire, where terrorist groups such as the People’s Will launched a campaign of bombings and assassinationscampaign.<ref> Butterworth, Alex. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0307386759/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0307386759&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a91bd1a2ab2e4468679c38c61138cffc The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists , and Secret Police]'' (Pantheon Books, London, 2010), p. 4, 7, 14.</ref>

====Influence on Marx and Lenin====[[File:683px-Lenin.jpg|thumbnail|275px255px|left|Vladimir Lenin]]Almost immediately after the defeat of the Communards, left-wing radicals analysed analyzed why the revolution had failed. These critiques were very influential. None more so than that of Karl Marx, the founder of Communism. He studied the reasons for the revolt's failure of the revolt and published his findings in his work the Civil War in France (1871).<ref> Karl Marx, ''The Civil War in France, English Edition of 1871'', p. 1.</ref> He believed that the Commune failed because it was not ruthless enough and that if it some professional revolutionaries should have been led by some professional revolutionariesit. Marx believed that the Commune was the first example of the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’proletariat, that is ’ a form of participatory government, where all power was in the hands of ordinary people's hands.<ref>Marx, 6.</ref>

The Communards and their revolution were to have a huge influence on Lenin. The Russian Revolutionary studied the works of Marx on the history of the Communards. He came to the conclusion that professional revolutionaries were needed to ensure that a revolution would succeed and not be quashed as were the Communards. Lenin was also influenced by the organisation of the Communards ' organization and wrote extensively on their ideas and revolution.<ref> V.I. Lenin, "Lessons of the Commune,", Marxists Internet Archive. Originally published: Zagranichnaya Gazeta, No. 2, 23 March 1908. Translated by Bernard Isaacs.</ref> He modelled modeled his Soviets or workers’ councils on the democratic councils established by the French Revolutionaries in 1871. The revolution of 1871 was to have an important influence on the Russian Revolution in 1917. ====Conclusion====The Paris Commune was a failed revolution. It attempted to fulfill the more radical ideas of the French Revolution in 1789. It was savagely repressed, and there was to be no similar revolution in France until 1968. The Communards' repression encouraged many left-wing groups to adopt more violent tactics, and in the decades after the revolt, terrorism became a feature of European life. The ideas and the Commune of 1871 example were to have a decisive influence on both Marx and Lenin and continues to this day, in left-wing circles.

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